White Papers
Peer-reviewed research and technical papers on dissolved gas analysis, transformer reliability, and the science behind Reliability-based DGA.
Transformer Reliability and Dissolved-Gas Analysis
For power transformers, dissolved-gas analysis is a widely used economical means of periodic screening to identify units that may need intervention. This paper examines the statistical relationship between DGA and transformer reliability.
Diagnostic Simplexes for Dissolved-Gas Analysis
The proportional concentrations of fault gases are traditionally plotted in Duval triangles or pentagons. This paper introduces 4-dimensional simplexes as a more reliable diagnostic method, eliminating the ambiguity inherent in 2D projections of multi-dimensional data.
Forecasting Near-Term Transformer Failure Using Reliability Statistics on DGA
DGA promises an affordable, non-invasive way to identify transformers at risk of failure — but dissolved gases are indirect symptom indicators. This paper investigates how reliability statistics can be applied to DGA data to produce accurate near-term failure forecasts.
Progress in Transformer Dissolved-Gas Analysis
Physical chemistry and advanced statistics are breathing new life into transformer DGA. Dr. Jim Dukarm explores fault energy indices, reliability statistics, and real case examples demonstrating improved fault detection.
Referenced Standards
Delta-X Research’s methodology is built on and validated against international standards for dissolved gas analysis.
- IEEE C57.104Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Mineral Oil-Immersed Transformers
- IEC 60599Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment — Interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis
- ASTM D3612Standard Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in Electrical Insulating Oil
- NIST TN1297Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results
- BIPM GUMEvaluation of Measurement Data — Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement